四、 形容詞、副詞
(一) 知識(shí)概要
形容詞的用法很活躍，在英語中用處也很多，但英語中修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語和詞組有時(shí)不同，要特別加以注意。下面將初中學(xué)習(xí)階段中遇到的修飾可 數(shù)名詞的詞和詞組歸納如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough.而修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或詞組如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of. 其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 英語中形容詞與副詞有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)之分，其規(guī)則如下：
構(gòu)詞法 原 級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) 加er,或est Tall
young taller
younger
tallest
youngest
只加r或st nice
large
nicer
larger
nicest
largest
重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音 字母時(shí)雙寫該字母加er、est big
fat
hot
bigger
fatter
hotter
biggest
fattest
hottest
不規(guī)則變化的形容詞或副詞：
原 級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)
good better best
Well better best
bad worse worst
badly worse worst
many more most
most more most
little less lest
far farther
further
farthest
furthest
old older
elder
oldest
eldest
要注意的是許多形容詞同時(shí)又是副詞，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容詞則要經(jīng)過一定變化才能轉(zhuǎn)為副詞，其規(guī)律如下：
構(gòu)詞法 形容詞 副 詞
一般加ly Careful
kind
carefully
kindly
尾是y時(shí)將y變成i加ly Happy
busy
easy
Happily
busily
easily
其 他 true
terrible
full
possible
shy
whole
truly
terribly
fully
possibly
shyly
wholly
在學(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意其變化。
此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形容詞。能修飾比較級(jí)的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修飾最高級(jí)的有：the very, much the, far等。
(二) 正誤辨析
[誤] The young likes playing football very much.
[正] The young like playing football very much.
[析] 定冠詞加形容詞表示一類人，應(yīng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時(shí)則要看作單數(shù)，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美麗并不總代表善良。
[誤] The danger has gone, so the worst are over.
[正] The danger has gone, so the worst is over.
[析] 意為："危險(xiǎn)已經(jīng)過去，最困難的狀況已結(jié)束。"用定冠詞加最高級(jí)形容詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)形式。
[誤] It is the gold age of the young.
[正] It is the golden age of the young.
[析] golden在英語中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金發(fā)，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達(dá)金質(zhì)的，如：a gold bar金條，a gold coin金幣，但gold fish 金魚例外。
[誤] She is a warm heart woman.
[正] She is a warmhearted woman.
[析] 英語形容詞的構(gòu)詞法很多，其中之一是由形容詞，或數(shù)詞，加名詞加ed構(gòu)成，如： warmhoarted 熱心腸的，whitehaired 白毛的
[誤] There is an alive fish in the pool.
[正] There is a living fish in the pool.
[析] 在初中范圍內(nèi)所學(xué)到的以a字母開頭的形容詞一般不能作定語，只能作表語。如：The fish is alive.(魚還活著)這樣的形容詞有：alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。
[誤] The ill man nearly died.
[正] The sick man nearly died.
[析] ill一般不作定語來形容某人有病，而要用sick,但作表語時(shí)則都可以。如：He is ill sick, ill作定語時(shí)則另有他意，如：ill luck (厄運(yùn))，ill nature(天性惡劣)，ill temper(心緒不好)
[誤] I have important something to tell you.
[正] I have something important to tell you.
[析] 不定代詞something, anyone, somebody…在用形容詞修飾時(shí)，形容詞應(yīng)放其后。但要注意thing則不是不定代詞，不符合上述規(guī)律。如：I have an important thing to tell you.
[誤] I'll be free on next Sunday.
[正] I'll be free next Sunday.
[析] 在表達(dá)將來時(shí)的時(shí)候：next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介詞。
[誤] The girl is twoyear old.
[正] The girl is two years old.
[正] She is a twoyearold girl
[析] 由連字符連接若干名詞、數(shù)詞……組成的形容詞，在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要記住兩點(diǎn)，其一是這些詞中的名詞都不要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：twothousandword report(兩千字的報(bào)告);其二是這樣構(gòu)成的形容詞只能作定語，即用于名詞之前，而不能作表語。
[誤] The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.
[正] The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.
[析] 在名詞前若有幾個(gè)形容詞作修飾語時(shí)，其順序如下。